1. I-Afrika enama-40% amandla omhlaba anamandla elanga
I-Afrika ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-Afrika eshisayo".Izwekazi lonke linqamula inkabazwe.Ngaphandle kwezindawo zezulu zesikhathi eside zamahlathi emvula (amahlathi aseGuinea eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye neningi leCongo Basin), izindawo zayo eziwugwadule kanye ne-savannah yizona ezinkulu emhlabeni.Endaweni yamafu, kunezinsuku eziningi ezinelanga futhi isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga side kakhulu.
Phakathi kwazo, isifunda saseMpumalanga Sahara enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika sidume ngomlando waso wokushisa kwelanga emhlabeni.Lesi sifunda sihlangabezane nesilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke sonyaka sokukhanya kwelanga, cishe amahora angu-4,300 okukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka, okulingana no-97% wesikhathi esiphelele sokukhanya kwelanga.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifunda sinesilinganiso esiphezulu sonyaka semisebe yelanga (inani eliphezulu elirekhodiwe lidlula ama-220 kcal/cm²).
I-latitudes ephansi ingenye inzuzo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla elanga ezwekazini lase-Afrika: iningi lazo litholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho ukuqina nokuqina kokukhanya kwelanga kuphezulu kakhulu.Enyakatho, eningizimu, nasempumalanga ye-Afrika, kunezindawo eziningi eziwugwadule neziwugwadule, ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuningi, futhi cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu zezwekazi ziwugwadule, ngakho-ke isimo sezulu esinelanga cishe sihlala sikhona.
Inhlanganisela yalezi zici zendawo kanye nesimo sezulu yisizathu esenza i-Afrika ibe namandla amakhulu elanga.Isikhathi eside kangaka sokukhanya sivumela leli zwekazi ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda yegridi enkulu ukuthi likwazi ukusebenzisa ugesi.
Ngenkathi abaholi nabaxoxisana bezesimo sezulu behlangana e-COP26 ekuqaleni kukaLwezi nonyaka, udaba lwamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika lube ngesinye sezihloko ezibalulekile.Ngempela, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-Afrika inothile emithonjeni yamandla elanga.Ngaphezu kuka-85% wezwekazi uthole u-2,000 kWh/(㎡unyaka).Ithiyori yamandla elanga agcina amandla elanga ilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-60 TWh/ngonyaka, okubalelwa emhlabeni wonke Cishe ama-40%, kodwa amandla e-photovoltaic wesifunda enza i-1% kuphela yawo wonke umhlaba.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze singamoshi imithombo yamandla elanga e-Afrika ngale ndlela, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuheha utshalomali lwangaphandle.Njengamanje, izigidigidi zezimali ezizimele nezikahulumeni sezilungele ukutshala imali elanga kanye neminye imisebenzi yamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika.Ohulumeni base-Afrika kufanele bazame konke okusemandleni abo ukuqeda izithiyo ezithile, ezingafingqwa njengezintengo zikagesi, izinqubomgomo nezimali.
2. Izithiyo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-photovoltaics e-Afrika
①Intengo ephezulu
Izinkampani zase-Afrika zinezindleko zikagesi eziphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.Kusukela kwasayinwa ISivumelwano SaseParis eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule, izwekazi lase-Afrika yilona kuphela isifunda lapho isabelo samandla avuselelwayo esixukwini samandla simile.Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), isabelo samandla kagesi, i-solar kanye namandla omoya ekuphehleni ugesi kuleli zwekazi sisengaphansi kwama-20%.Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu sekwenze i-Afrika yancika kakhulu emithonjeni yamandla ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi njengamalahle, igesi yemvelo kanye nodizili ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo sayo sikagesi esikhula ngokushesha.Nokho, intengo yalawa maphethiloli muva nje iphindeke kabili noma iphindwe kathathu, ibangela ukucindezeleka kwamandla e-Afrika.
Ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo sentuthuko engazinzile, umgomo we-Afrika kufanele kube wukutshala izimali zayo ngokuphindwe kathathu kumandla anekhabhoni ephansi ifinyelele ezingeni okungenani lezigidigidi ezingama-US$60 ngonyaka.Ingxenye enkulu yalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali izosetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezinsiza zelanga.Kodwa kubalulekile futhi ukutshala imali ekuhanjisweni ngokushesha kokukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kanye nokugcinwa kwemboni ezimele.Ohulumeni base-Afrika kufanele bafunde kulokho okwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika nase-Egypt ukuze kube lula ukuthi izinkampani zitshale imali ekukhiqizeni amandla elanga ngokwezidingo zazo.
②Isithiyo senqubomgomo
Ngeshwa, ngaphandle kwe-Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, njll., abasebenzisi bamandla emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika banqatshelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthenga amandla elanga kubahlinzeki abazimele ezimweni ezingenhla.Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, okuwukuphela kwenketho yokutshalwa kwezimali ngelanga nosonkontileka abazimele ukusayina isivumelwano sokuqashisa noma sokuqashisa inkontileka yakho.Kodwa-ke, njengoba sazi, lolu hlobo lwenkontileka lapho umsebenzisi akhokhela khona okokusebenza akulona isu elingcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenkontileka esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni lapho ikhasimende likhokhela khona ugesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithiyo sesibili sokulawula inqubomgomo esivimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwelanga e-Afrika ukuntuleka kwe-net metering.Ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika, i-Egypt kanye namanye amazwe ambalwa, akunakwenzeka ukuthi abasebenzisi bamandla base-Afrika benze imali ngogesi osele.Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, abasebenzisi bamandla bangakhiqiza ugesi ngokusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ze-net metering ezisayinwe nezinkampani zendawo zokusabalalisa amandla.Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngezikhathi lapho amandla okukhiqiza amandla esikhungo sikagesi esithunjiwe edlula isidingo, njengalapho silungiswa noma ngamaholide, abasebenzisi bamandla “bangathengisa” amandla engeziwe enkampanini yasendaweni kagesi.Ukungabikho kwe-net metering kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bamandla badinga ukukhokhela wonke amandla elanga angasetshenzisiwe, okunciphisa kakhulu ukukhanga kokutshalwa kwe-solar.
Isithiyo sesithathu sokutshalwa kwezimali ngelanga uxhaso lukahulumeni lwamanani entengo kadizili.Nakuba lesi simo sincane kunangaphambili, sisathinta utshalomali lwamandla elanga aphesheya kwezilwandle.Ukwenza isibonelo, izindleko zikadizili e-Egypt naseNigeria zingu-US$0.5-0.6 ilitha, cishe ingxenye yentengo e-United States nase-China, futhi ingaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yenani lentengo e-Europe.Ngakho-ke, kuphela ngokuqeda uxhaso lwamafutha ezinsalela lapho uhulumeni engakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi elanga ancintisana ngokugcwele.Empeleni lena inkinga yezomnotho yezwe.Ukunciphisa ubumpofu namaqembu abantulayo emphakathini kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu.
③Izinkinga zemali
Okokugcina, imali nayo iyinkinga enkulu.Ikakhulukazi lapho amazwe ase-Afrika edinga ukuheha izigidigidi zamarandi zokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, indaba yemali ngeke ishaywe indiva.Abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe kanye nabakhiphi ngokuvamile abazimisele ukuthatha imali engozini (abazimisele ukusebenzisa imali yendawo).Kwezinye izimakethe zezimali ezifana neNigeria, Mozambique, kanye neZimbabwe, ukufinyelela kumadola aseMelika kuzobe kuvinjelwe kakhulu.Eqinisweni, lokhu kuvimbela ngokusobala ukutshalwa kwezimali phesheya kwezilwandle.Ngakho-ke, imakethe yemali ewuketshezi kanye nenqubomgomo yokuhwebelana kwangaphandle ezinzile futhi esobala kubalulekile emazweni afuna ukuheha abatshalizimali belanga.
3. Ikusasa lamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika
Ngokocwaningo lwe-International Monetary Fund, inani labantu base-Afrika kulindeleke ukuthi linyuke lisuka ebhiliyoni elilodwa ngo-2018 liye ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-2 ngo-2050. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo sikagesi sizokhuphuka ngo-3% njalo ngonyaka.Kodwa okwamanje, imithombo eyinhloko yamandla e-Afrika-amalahle, amafutha kanye ne-biomass yendabuko (izinkuni, amalahle kanye nomquba owomile), izolimaza kakhulu imvelo nempilo.
Nokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo, isimo sendawo yezwekazi lase-Afrika ngokwalo, ikakhulukazi ukwehla kwezindleko, konke kuhlinzeka ngamathuba amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi avuselelekayo e-Afrika esikhathini esizayo.
Isibalo esingezansi sibonisa izindleko ezishintshayo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla avuselelekayo.Ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu ukwehla okubukhali kwezindleko zamandla elanga e-photovoltaic, ehle ngo-77% kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2018. Okusalele emuva kokuthuthukiswa kokufinyeleleka kwamandla elanga amandla omoya asogwini nasogwini, okuye kwaba nokwehla okuphawulekayo kodwa okungekubi kangako kwezindleko.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokuncintisana kwezindleko ezikhulayo zomoya namandla elanga, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika kusasilele emuva kakhulu emhlabeni wonke: ngo-2018, amandla elanga nawomoya ndawonye babalele ku-3% wokuphehlwa kukagesi e-Afrika, kanti umhlaba wonke 7%.
Kungabonakala ukuthi nakuba kunesikhala esiningi sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika, kuhlanganise ne-photovoltaics, ngenxa yamanani aphezulu kagesi, ukuvinjelwa kwenqubomgomo, izinkinga zemali kanye nezinye izizathu, izinkinga zokutshala izimali ziye zabangelwa, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo bekulokhu isiteji sezinga eliphansi.
Esikhathini esizayo, hhayi kuphela amandla elanga, kodwa kwezinye izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, uma lezi zinkinga zingaxazululwa, i-Afrika iyohlale isesiyingini esibi "sokusebenzisa amandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi abizayo kuphela kanye nokuwela ebuphofini".
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-24-2021